منابع مشابه
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Statistical analysis of research results mainly uses confidence intervals and hypothesis tests to capture the uncertainty rising from our study being on a sample of participants drawn from a much larger population, in which our interest mainly lies. But beyond the issue of sampling variation there are other sources of uncertainty that may be even more important to consider. In measurement, a di...
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Surprise drives learning. Various neural "prediction error" signals are believed to underpin surprise-based reinforcement learning. Here, we report a surprise signal that reflects reinforcement learning but is neither un/signed reward prediction error (RPE) nor un/signed state prediction error (SPE). To exclude these alternatives, we measured surprise responses in the absence of RPE and account...
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When a healthcare professional commits an error that results in an adverse patient outcome, it is increasingly considered appropriate that an apology should be made to the harmed person. 2 Such an apology benefits both the health professional and the patient, and serves to address the considerable emotional burden that accompanies this wrenching aspect of practice (see page 249). The process of...
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Quantum computation and communication rely on the ability to manipulate quantum states robustly and with high fidelity. To protect fragile quantum-superposition states from corruption through so-called decoherence noise, some form of error correction is needed. Therefore, the discovery of quantum error correction1,2 (QEC) was a key step to turn the field of quantum information from an academic ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Academic Medicine
سال: 1995
ISSN: 1040-2446
DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199508000-00001